Language Key The name for a specific piece of language-specific text in a Joomla application. KEY = Value: where “KEY” is a string to be translated and “Value” is the translated string. In a Joomla program, language keys are used instead of literal language strings. The actual text is substituted at runtime based on the currently active language.
Template A template is a type of Joomla! extension that changes the way your site looks. There are two types of templates used by the Joomla! CMS: Front-end Templates and Back-end Templates. The Front-end Template controls the way your website is presented to the user viewing the website's content. The Back-end Template controls the way your website's administrative tasks are presented for controlling management functions by a Joomla! Administrator. These would include common tasks such as: user, menu, article, category, module, component, plugin and template management. Reference: http://docs.joomla.org/Glossary
Blog The default Joomla! layouts for menu items which use the Category Blog Layout. Blog format presents some or all of the articles in a particular category or sub-category. The standard presentation usually includes an article’s title as a link, followed by some introductory text and a Read More link.